1945 WORLD WAR II ~CIVIL DEFENCE & ALLIED FORCES FAREWELL PARADE~ U. K. PROGRAM!

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Conflict:WW II (1939-45)
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Theme:Militaria
Region of Origin:United States
Country/Region of Manufacture:United Kingdom

JUNE 10, 1945 ***WORLD WAR II*** {{{VERY RARE – POSSIBLY ONE OF A KIND}}} «FAREWELL REVIEW OF CIVIL DEFENCE AND ALLIED SERVICES PARADE» (BY THEIR MAJESTIES THE KING AND QUEEN) … AT HYDE PARK, LONDON ENGLAND … (2 PAGE) PROGRAM … WITH PHOTO-PRINTS OF NOTABLES: KING GEORGE VI, QUEEN ELIZABETH II, JOSEPH STALIN (DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION), WINSTON CHURCHILL (PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM), FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT (PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES)! (Approximate dimensions: 5 1/2″ x 9 1/8″). World War II memorabilia! Few to be found! ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Allies of World War II1939–1945 Allies and their colonies Allies entering after the attack on Pearl Harbor Axis powers, co-belligerents, and their colonies Neutral powers and their coloniesThe Big Three: United Kingdom (from Sep. 1939) Soviet Union (from Jun. 1941) United States (from Dec. 1941)Allied combatants with governments-in-exile: Poland[note 1] Czechoslovakia[note 2] Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg France, Free France[note 3] Ethiopia[note 4] Greece Yugoslavia PhilippinesOther Allied combatant states: Republic of China[note 5] Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Brazil Mongolia MexicoFormer Axis powers: Kingdom of Italy (from Sep. 1943) Romania (from Aug. 1944) Bulgaria (from Sep. 1944) Finland (from Sep. 1944)StatusMilitary allianceHistorical eraWorld War II• Franco-Polish allianceFeb. 1921• Anglo-Polish allianceAug. 1939• Anglo-French War CouncilSep. 1939 – Jun. 1940• First Inter-Allied MeetingJun. 1941• Anglo-Soviet AgreementJul. 1941• Atlantic CharterAug. 1941• Declaration by United NationsJan. 1942• Anglo-Soviet TreatyMay 1942• Tehran ConferenceNov.–Dec. 1943• Bretton Woods Conference1–15 Jul. 1944• Yalta Conference4–11 Feb. 1945• United Nations formedApr.–Jun. 1945• Potsdam ConferenceJul.–Aug. 1945showFootnotesThe Allied leaders of the European theatre (left to right): Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943French postcard illustrating the alliance between Poland, France and the United Kingdom (1939)»Long live the victory of the Anglo-Soviet-American military alliance!» — USSR stamp of 1943, quoting StalinThe Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the Kingdom of Italy. Its principal members by the end of 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.Membership in the Allies varied during the course of the war. When the conflict broke out on 1 September 1939, the Allied coalition consisted of the United Kingdom, France, and Poland, as well as their respective dependencies, such as British India. They were soon joined by the independent dominions of the British Commonwealth: Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Consequently, the initial alliance resembled that of the First World War.As Axis forces began invading northern Europe and the Balkans, the Allies added the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Greece, and Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union, which initially had a nonaggression pact with Germany and participated in its invasion of Poland, joined the Allies in June 1941, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The United States, while providing some materiel support to European Allies since September 1940, remained formally neutral until the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, after which it declared war and officially joinedthe Allies. China had already been at warwith Japan since 1937, and formally joined the Allies in December 1941.The Allies were led by the so-called «Big Three»—the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—which were the principal contributors of manpower, resources, and strategy, each playing a key role in achieving victory.[1][2][3] A series of conferences between Allied leaders, diplomats, and military officials gradually shaped the makeup of the alliance, the direction of the war, and ultimately the postwar international order. Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close, with their bilateral Atlantic Charterforming the groundwork of their alliance.The Allies became a formalized group upon the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942, which was signed by 26 nations around the world; these ranged from governments in exile from the Axis occupation to small nations far removed from the war. The Declaration officially recognized the Big Three and China as the «Four Powers»,[4]acknowledging their central role in prosecuting the war; they were also referred to as the «trusteeship of the powerful», and later as the «Four Policemen» of the United Nations.[5] Many more countries joined through to the final days of the war, including colonies and former Axis nations.After the war ended, the Allies, and the Declaration that bound them, would become the basis of the modern United Nations;[6] one enduring legacy of the alliance is the permanent membership of the U.N. Security Council, which is made up exclusively of the principal Allied powers that won the war.OriginsMain article: Causes of World War IIThe victorious Allies of World War I—which included what would become the Allied powers of the Second World War—had imposed harsh terms on the opposing Central Powers in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920. Germany resented signing the Treaty of Versailles, which required that it take full responsibility for the war, lose a significant portion of territory, and pay costly reparations, among other penalties. The Weimar Republic, which formed at the end of the war and subsequently negotiated the treaty, saw its legitimacy shaken, particularly as it struggled to govern a greatly weakened economy and humiliated populace.The Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the ensuing Great Depression, led to political unrest across Europe, especially in Germany, where revanchistnationalists blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles. The far-right Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler, which had formed shortly after the peace treaty, exploited growing popular resentment and desperation to become the dominant political movement in Germany. By 1933, they gained power and rapidly established a totalitarian regime known as Nazi Germany. The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims over German-populated Austria and the German-populated territories of Czechoslovakia. The likelihood of war was high, but none of the major powers had the appetite for another conflict; many governments sought to ease tensions through nonmilitary strategies such as appeasement.Japan, which was a principal allied power in the First World War, had since become increasingly militaristic and imperialistic; parallel to Germany, nationalist sentiment increased throughout the 1920s, culminating in the invasion of Manchuria in 1931. The League of Nations strongly condemned the attack as an act of aggression against China; Japan responded by leaving the League in 1933. The second Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japan’s full-scale invasion of China. The League of Nations condemned Japan’s actions and initiated sanctions; the United States, which had attempted to peacefully negotiate for peace in Asia, was especially angered by the invasion and sought to support China.British wartime poster supporting Poland after the German invasion of the country (European theater)American wartime poster promoting aid to China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (Pacific theater)In March 1939, Germany took over Czechoslovakia, just six months after signing the Munich Agreement, which sought to appease Hitler by ceding the mainly ethnic German Czechoslovak borderlands; while most of Europe had celebrated the agreement as a major victory for peace, the open flaunting of its terms demonstrated the failure of appeasement. Britain and France, which had been the main advocates of appeasement, decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war. On 31 March 1939, Britain formed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in an effort to avert an imminent German attack on Poland; the French likewise had a long-standing alliance with Poland since 1921.The Soviet Union, which had been diplomatically and economically isolated by much of the world, had sought an alliance with the western powers, but Hitler preempted a potential war with Stalin by signing the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939. In addition to preventing a two-front war that had battered its forces in the last world war, the agreement secretly divided the independent states of Central and Eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine.On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany. Roughly two weeks after Germany’s attack, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. Britain and France established the Anglo-French Supreme War Council to coordinate military decisions. A Polish government-in-exile was set up in London, joined by hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers, which would remain an Allied nation until the end. After a quiet winter, Germany began its invasion of Western Europe in April 1940, quickly defeating Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. All the occupied nations subsequently established a government-in-exile in London, with each contributing a contingent of escaped troops. Nevertheless, by roughly one year since Germany’s violation of the Munich Agreement, Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini.Formation of the «Grand Alliance»Further information: Diplomatic history of World War IIBefore they were formally allied, the United Kingdom and the United States had cooperated in a number of ways,[1] notably through the destroyers-for-bases deal in September 1940 and the American Lend-Lease program, which provided Britain and the Soviet Union with war materiel beginning in October 1941.[7][8] The British Commonwealth and, to a lesser extent, the Soviet Union reciprocated with a smaller Reverse Lend-Lease program.[9][10]The First Inter-Allied Meeting took place in London in early June 1941 between the United Kingdom, the four co-belligerent British Dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa), the eight governments in exile (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia) and Free France. The meeting culminated with the Declaration of St James’s Palace, which set out a first vision for the postwar world.In June 1941, Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union, which consequently declared war on Germany and its allies. Britain agreed to an alliance with the Soviet Union in July, with both nations committing to assisting one another by any means, and to never negotiate a separate peace.[11] The following August saw the Atlantic Conference between American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, which defined a common Anglo-American vision of the postwar world, as formalized by the Atlantic Charter.[12]At the Second Inter-Allied Meeting in London in September 1941, the eight European governments in exile, together with the Soviet Union and representatives of the Free French Forces, unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth in the Atlantic Charter. In December, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific, resulting in the U.S. formally entering the war as an Allied power. Still reeling from Japanese aggression, China declared war on all the Axis powers shortly thereafter.By the end of 1941, the main lines of World War II had formed. Churchill referred to the «Grand Alliance» of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union,[13][14]which together played the largest role in prosecuting the war. The alliance was largely one of convenience for each member: the U.K. realized that the Axis powers threatened not only its colonies in North Africa and Asia but also the homeland. The United States felt that the Japanese and German expansion should be contained, but ruled out force until Japan’s attack. The Soviet Union, having been betrayed by the Axis attack in 1941, greatly despised German belligerence and the unchallenged Japanese expansion in the East, particularly considering their defeat in previous wars with Japan; the Soviets also recognized, as the U.S. and Britain had suggested, the advantages of a two-front war.The Big ThreeQueen Elizabeth and Princess Elizabeth talking to paratroopers in preparation of D-Day, 19 May 1944World War II military deaths in Europe and military situation in autumn 1944Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin were The Big Three leaders. They were in frequent contact through ambassadors, top generals, foreign ministers and special emissaries such as the American Harry Hopkins. It is also often called the «Strange Alliance», because it united the leaders of the world’s greatest capitalist state (the United States), the greatest socialist state (the Soviet Union) and the greatest colonial power (the United Kingdom).[15]Relations between them resulted in the major decisions that shaped the war effort and planned for the postwar world.[3][16] Cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States was especially close and included forming a Combined Chiefs of Staff.[17]There were numerous high-level conferences; in total Churchill attended 14 meetings, Roosevelt 12, and Stalin 5. Most visible were the three summit conferences that brought together the three top leaders.[18][19] The Allied policy toward Germany and Japan evolved and developed at these three conferences.[20]Tehran Conference (codename «Eureka») – first meeting of The Big Three (28 November 1943 – 1 December 1943)Yalta Conference (codename «Argonaut») – second meeting of The Big Three (4–11 February 1945)Potsdam Conference (codename «Terminal») – third and final meeting of The Big Three (Truman having taken over for Roosevelt, 17 July – 2 August 1945)TensionsThere were many tensions among the Big Three leaders, although they were not enough to break the alliance during wartime.[2][21]In 1942 Roosevelt proposed becoming, with China, the Four Policemen of world peace. Although the ‘Four Powers’ were reflected in the wording of the Declaration by United Nations, Roosevelt’s proposal was not initially supported by Churchill or Stalin.Division emerged over the length of time taken by the Western Allies to establish a second front in Europe.[22] Stalin and the Soviets used the potential employment of the second front as an ‘acid test’ for their relations with the Anglo-American powers.[23] The Soviets were forced to use as much manpower as possible in the fight against the Germans, whereas the United States had the luxury of flexing industrial power, but with the «minimum possible expenditure of American lives.»[23] Roosevelt and Churchill opened ground fronts in North Africa in 1942 and in Italy in 1943, and launched a massive air attack on Germany, but Stalin kept wanting more.Although the U.S. had a strained relationship with the USSR in the 1920s, relations were normalized in 1933. The original terms of the Lend-Lease loan were amended towards the Soviets, to be put in line with British terms. The United States would now expect interest with the repayment from the Soviets, following the initiation of the Operation Barbarossa, at the end of the war—the United States were not looking to support any «postwar Soviet reconstruction efforts»,[24] which eventually manifested into the Molotov Plan. At the Tehran conference, Stalin judged Roosevelt to be a «lightweight compared to the more formidable Churchill».[25][26] During the meetings from 1943 to 1945, there were disputes over the growing list of demands from the USSR.Tensions increased further when Roosevelt died and his successor Harry Truman rejected demands put forth by Stalin.[22] Roosevelt wanted to play down these ideological tensions.[27]Roosevelt felt he «understood Stalin’s psychology», stating «Stalin was too anxious to prove a point… he suffered from an inferiority complex.»[28] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ We strive to find rare and unusual vintage pieces to match up with your special collection. Returns are readily accepted if the item(s) is the same as described. Item(s) must be in the exact condition as delivered. Buyer pays return shipping. Items $30.00 or more will be shipped with tracking. Items $200.00 or more will be shipped with insurance. Combined shipping discount for multiple purchases (Please wait for us to send invoice for 2 or more items). Please feel free to contact us with any questions or concerns. Be sure to check out our «ever changing» inventory of vintage postage stamps, covers, postal cards, billheads, letterheads, stock certificates, bank checks, railroad and steamship ephemera, Civil War ephemera, World War I ephemera, World War II ephemera, Korean War ephemera, Vietnam War ephemera, promissory notes, automotive ephemera, fraternity ephemera, circus ephemera, jeweler and pocket watch ephemera, sports ephemera, vintage matchbooks, military memorabilia, badges, medals, pins and ephemera, vintage coins, vintage worldwide banknotes, vintage tokens historical memorabilia and ephemera, vintage pens and pencils plus many other special items we can pass onto our customers. 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